Clinical Hypnosis

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Clinical hypnosis [2] teaches patients to use a deep relaxation state to address issues such as smoking cessation, weight loss, pain relief [3], or self-improvement [4]. The decision to use hypnosis in clinical settings in addition to treatment can only be made in consultation with a qualified healthcare provider who has been trained in the use and limitations of clinical hypnosis.

There are multiple definitions of hypnosis from a variety of perspectives ranging from physiological to psychoanalytical. The American Psychological Association [5] (APA) defines the practice as "a procedure during which a health professional or researcher suggests that a client, patient, or subject experience changes in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, or behavior."

The hypnotic context is generally established by an induction procedure. Although there are many different hypnotic inductions, most include suggestions for relaxation, calmness, and wellbeing. Instructions to imagine or think about pleasant experiences are also commonly included in hypnotic inductions.

How can I benefit?

Hypnosis has offered adherents relief from pain [3], depression [6], anxiety [6], stress [7], habit disorders, and many other psychological and medical problems. It has been shown particularly effective during childbirth [8] and in pediatric settings, and even provided anesthesia during surgery and painful medical procedures.

Are there any cautions?

Hypnosis generally poses few risks for mentally healthy people. Just be careful not to stand up too quickly after your session or you might get dizzy. Also if you are taking medications, such as insulin, sedatives, or cardiovascular medicine, you may need to adjust your dosages.

Hypnosis may not be recommended for persons with depression [6] or personality disorders, such as schizophrenic, borderline, or narcissistic disorders. It is essential for anyone interested in hypnosis to carefully choose a provider [9]. This provider should be a licensed healthcare professional with specific hypnosis training and certification.

Where can I get more information?

Click here for detailed information on clinical hypnosis [10] created by experts at the University of Minnesota. (Half-way down the page, click on the Clinical Hypnosis module.)

References

Websites

American Society of Clinical Hypnosis [11] [12]

Research

Banyai, E.I. (1985a) A social-psychobiological approach to the understanding of hypnosis: the interaction between hypnotist and subject. Hypnos: Swedish Journal of Hypnosis in Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, 12, 186-210.

Ben-Zvi Z, Spohn WA, Young SH, Kattan M. (1982). Hypnosis for exercise-induced asthma. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 125, 392-395.

Butler, L.D., Symons, B.K., Henderson, S., Shortliffe, L.D., & Spiegel, D. (2005) Hypnosis reduces distress and duration of an invasive medical procedure for children. Pediatrics. 115, 77-85.

Faymonville, ME; Boly, M; Laureys, S. (2006). Functional neuroanatomy of the hypnotic state. J Physiol Paris 99(4-6): 463-9.

Flory, N., Martinez-Salazar, G.M., and Lang, E.V. (2007) Hypnosis for acute distress management during medical procedures. the International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 55(3): 303-317.

Freeman, RM, MacCauley AJ, Eve L, Chamberlain GVP. (1986). Randomized trial of self-hypnosis for analgesia in labour. British medical Journal, 292, 657-658.

Gottsegen, D. (2011) Hypnosis for functional abdominal pain. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 54(1), 56-69.

Hammond, D.C. (2007). Review of the efficacy of clinical hypnosis with headaches and migraines. Int'l Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 55(2), 207-219.

Hilgard, E. R. and Hilgard, J. R. Hypnosis in the Relief of Pain. Los Altos, CA: William Kaufman, Inc., 1975.

Hoffman, H.G., Patterson, D.R., & Carrougher, G.J. (2000). Use of virtual reality for adjunctive treatment of adult burn pain during physical therapy: a controlled study. The clinical Journal of Pain. 16:3, 244-250.

Hoffman, H.G., Patterson, D.R., Carrougher, G.J., & Sharar (2001). effectiveness of virtual reality-based pain control with multiple treatments. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 17:3, 229-235.

Houge, D.R. and Hunter, R.E. The Use of Hypnosis in Orthopaedic Surgery. Contemporary Orthopaedics, Vol. 16, no. 4, April, 1988, pp. 65-68.

Isenberg SA, Lehrer PM, Hochron S. (1992). The effects of suggestion and emotional arousal on pulmonary function in asthma: A review and a hypothesis regarding vagal mediation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 192-216.

Jensen, M.P. (2008). The neurophysiology of pain perception and hypnotic analgesia: implications for clinical practice. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 51(2), 123-148.

Jones, M.B., Culbert, T.P., and Kohen, D.P. (2009). Pediatric Pain Management. Pediatric Update - An approved system for continuing medical education. Vol 30, No. 6, 1-10.

Kaiser, P. (2011) Childhood anxiety, worry, and fear: individualizing hypnosis goals and suggestions for self-regulation. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 54(1), 16-31.

Kohen, D.P. (2010) Long-term follow-up of self-hypnosis training for recurrent headaches: what the children say. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 58(4): 417-432.

Kohen, D.P. (2011) Chronic daily headache: helping adolescents help themselves with self-hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 54(1), 32-46.

Kohen, D.P. and Wynne, E. (1997). Applying hypnosis in a preschool family asthma education program: uses of storytelling, imagery [13], and relaxation. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 39, 2-14.

Kohen, D.P. and Olness, K. Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy with Children. 4th edition (2011). Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group, New York.

Kroger, W. Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1977, pp. 1-7.

Lambert SA (1996). The effects of hypnosis/ guided imagery on the postoperative course of children. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 17, 307-310.

Landier, W., and Tse, A.M. (2010). Use of complementary and alternative medical interventions for the management of procedure-related pain, anxiety, and distress in pediatric oncology: an integrative review. Journal of Pediatric Mursing. 25, 566-579.

Lang E, Joyce JS, Spiegel D, et al. (1996). Self-hypnotic relaxation during interventional radiological procedures: Effects on pain perception and intravenous drug use. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 44, 106-119.

Lang, E.V. and Rosen, M.P. (2002). Cost analysis of adjunct hypnosis with sedation during outpatient interventional radiologic procedures. Radiology. 222, 375-382.

Lesmana, C.B.J., Suryanbi, L.K., Jensen, G.D., Tiliopoulous, N. (2009). A spiritual hypnosis-assisted treatment of children with PTSD after the 2002 Bali terrorist attack. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis. 52(1), 23-24.

Liossi, C. and Hatira, P. (2003). Clinical hypnosis in the alleviation of procedure-related pain in pediatric oncology patients. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 51(1): 4-28.

Lynn SJ, Kirsch I, Barabasz A et al. Hypnosis as an Empirically Supported Clinical Intervention: The State of the Evidence and a Look at the Future. International Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 48(2); April 2000: 239-259.

Lynn, S.J. and Cardena, E. (2007) Hypnosis and the treatment of posttraumatic conditions: an evidence-based approach. Int'l Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 55(2), 167-188.

Mackey, E.F. (2010). Effects of hypnosis as an adjunct to intravenous sedation for third molar extraction: a randomized, blind, controlled study. The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 58(1), 21-38.

Nash, MR. The Status of Hypnosis as an Empirically Validated Clinical Intervention. International Journal of clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 48(2); April 2000: 107-112.

Olness and Gardner. Some Guidelines for the Use of Hypnosis in Pediatrics. Pediatrics, Vol. 62, 1978, p. 228.

Olness, K. and Kohen D. K. : Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy with Children. 3rd edition Guilford publications, Inc., New York, 1996)

Pinnell CM, Covino NA. Empirical Findings on the Use of Hypnosis in Medicine: A Clinical Review. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 48(2); April 2000: 170-194.

Posner, MI and Rothbart, MK (2011). Brain states and hypnosis research. Consciousness and Cognition. 20(2): 325-7.

Raz, A and Shapiro, T. (2002). Hypnosis and neuroscience: A cross talk between clinical and cognitive research. archives of General Psychiatry. 59(1): 85-90.

Rhue, J.W., Lynn, S.J., & Kirsch, I. (Eds.) (1993). Handbook of clinical hypnosis. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

Spanos NP, Stenstrom RJ, Johnston JC. (1988). Hypnosis, placebo, and suggestion in the treatment of warts. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 245 - 260.

Spanos NP, Williams V, Gwynn M. (1990). Effects of hypnotic, placebo, and salicylic acid treatments on wart regression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52, 109-114.

Spiegel, H. and Spiegel, D. Trance and Treatment. New York, NY: Basic Books, Inc., 1978, pp. 11-22.

Syrjala KL, Cummings C, Donaldson GW. (1992). Hypnosis or cognitive behavioral training for the reduction of pain and nausea during cancer treatment: a controlled clinical trial. Pain, 48, 137-146.

Whitehead, William E. (2006) Hypnosis for irritable bowel syndrome: the empirical evidence fo therapeutic effects. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. 54(1), 7-20.